Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εκπονήθηκε από τον υπογράφοντα κατά το ακαδημαϊκό έτος 2015 – 2016, στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος σπουδών του Ελληνικού Ανοικτού Πανεπιστημίου και υπό την επίβλεψη του κ. Παπαγεωργίου Γρηγόριου, Καθηγητή. Σκοπός της παρούσης είναι να κάνει αξιολόγηση της οδικής υποδομής στην Εύβοια μέσω της μελέτης δύο κομβικών οδικών αξόνων που την διατρέχουν. Ο ένας άξονας ξεκινά από την Χαλκίδα έως τον κόμβο Λεπούρων στην κεντρική Εύβοια και διακλαδίζεται προς Νότια και Ανατολικά. Ο δεύτερος από τον Κόμβο Καστέλλας Ψαχνών του Δήμου Διρφύων Μεσσαπίων έως τον Κόμβο Στροφυλιάς του Δήμου Λίμνης, Μαντουδίου, Αγιας Αννας όπου διακλαδίζεται προς Βόρεια και Δυτικά. Οι άξονες αυτοί αποτελούν τμήματα της μοναδικής οδικής αρτηρίας που συνδέει τον νοτιότερο άκρο με το βορειότερο άκρο της Νήσου. Η σημασία για την συντήρηση και την βελτίωση τους είναι βασικότατη για την εύρυθμη οικονομική και κοινωνική λειτουργία των τοπικών κοινωνιών της. Στόχος της παρούσης εργασίας είναι η συστηματοποίηση της μεθοδολογίας κοστολόγησης των έργων που απαιτούνται για την κάλυψη των αναγκών βελτίωσης της οδικής υποδομής. Στην εργασία παρουσιάζονται οι προδιαγραφές, οι απαιτήσεις, και η τεχνολογία που εφαρμόζεται σήμερα στον εξοπλισμό των οδών από πλευράς
σήμανσης, διαγράμμισης, φωτισμού, οδοστρώματος και στηθαίων ασφαλείας. Στην συνέχεια γίνεται μία προσπάθεια κοστολόγησης των αναγκών βελτίωσης των υπαρχουσών υποδομών μετά από αυτοψία και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τα τιμολόγια δημοσίων έργων.
Τέλος γίνεται επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων και αξιολόγηση τους σύμφωνα με τους υπάρχοντες κυκλοφοριακούς φόρτους και σε συνάρτηση με την εκτίμηση των χρηστών της οδού όσον αφορά την προτεραιότητα των εργασιών. Από τα αποτελέσματα της επεξεργασίας προκύπτουν συμπεράσματα ως προς τα επιμέρους
κόστη των εργασιών και ως προς την ανάγκη εξέτασης εναλλακτικών λύσεων με μικρότερο κόστος από το υπάρχον.
The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the road facilities in Evia through studying the two nodal motorways that cross it. The first motorway starts from Chalkida and goes until Lepoura interchange and then branches off to the South and East. The second motorway starts from Kastella Psachna Interchange at the Municipality of Dirfis - Messapia and goes until the Strofylia Interchange at the Municipality of Limni – Mandoudi – Santa Anna, where it branches off to the North and West.
These motorways are parts of the unique highway connecting the southernmost with the northernmost end of the Island. Their maintenance and improvement is of major importance for the proper financial and social function of its local communities.
This study aims to systematize the costing methodology of projects required to cover the needs to improve road facilities. This study introduces the standards, the requirements and the technology that is currently applied on road outfit concerning roadway and safety parapets signage, marking and lighting. Thereafter we attempt to cost estimate the needs to improve the existing facilities with autopsy and considering the construction costs, as estimated today.
Finally the results are processed and evaluated according to existing traffic volumes and in connection to the assessment of road users about the works priority. From results procession conclusions arise as to individual work costs and as to the need to consider alternatives with lower cost.
In the first chapter there is a mention on the road facility and the elements that compose it. There is also a brief description of the technology developed on the road outfit.
In the second chapter there is a mention on the vehicles interception systems – safety parapets, the basic principles of their schedule and the types of interception systems. Thereafter there is a mention on the standards for systems installation concerning the road and finally there is a mention on the criteria for the selection of the appropriate roadway and those that apply in Greece actually.
In the third chapter there is a mention on the marking of the roadways. There is a description of the marking forms, their geometric data, their desired qualities and their application materials. Then there is a mention on what actually happens in Greece.
In the fourth chapter there is a mention on the vertical signage of the roads and especially on the traffic signs. There is a description of the kinds of traffic signs, their sizes, the sizes of visibility and reflectiveness that determine them and the materials and their construction methods. There is also mention on the traffic signs support devices, the demands of their transverse and longitudinal installation and the criteria for their effective use.
In the fifth chapter there is a mention on the electric lighting of the roads with special reference to the terminology of photometric data and the legal demands on photometric features. Then there is a mention on the technical data of lighting sets and the demands on their transverse and longitudinal installation.
In the sixth chapter there is a mention on the two other road outfit systems, the edge lines and the emergency phones. It presents their feasibility, their constructive details and the technology applied today.
In the seventh chapter there is a mention on the roadway and the kinds of its wear. It presents the forms of stress and the cracking and deformation effects. Then there is a mention on the road conservation and the methodology used.
In the eighth chapter there is a description of Evia Island and its special features regarding this study. There is an analysis on the strategic importance of roadways for the growth of the Island, the Habitations that they connect and the industrial and craft activities they serve. There is a brief presentation of the port facilities of the island and the interdependence on the existing road network.
In the ninth chapter there is a depiction of the Southern roadway and the recording of shortages and problems of the road facility. The depiction is documented by detailed shooting and on the spot measurements of the geometric features, the problems and the shortages. Data was also taken from the traffic police and the statistical service, concerning the frequency, the position, the severity and the cause of road accidents. This information gave valuable evidence to determine the conservation – upgrading works on the studied sections.
In the tenth chapter as in the eighth there is a presentation of the shortages of the Northern roadway. At the annex of the study there is a presentation in charts of all the proposed works to cover shortage along with the construction cost for both the Southern and the Northern roadway. The material and work cost prices were taken from the public works invoices of the Ministry as they are today, and in some cases where the works are not listed in them, notices of project competitions from local authorities with same object were taken into account, where costing of the required work is shown in detail.
In the eleventh chapter there is a costing analysis considering the studied sections and then the findings that emerge from the determination of costs according to parameters of the road sections are analyzed.
This study is based on the cost split into six works categories. The first is conservation – upgrading of the roadway, the second is conservation – upgrading of electric lighting, the third is conservation – upgrading of marking, the fourth is conservation – upgrading of the signage, the fifth is conservation – upgrading of technical projects and the sixth is conservation – upgrading of the parapets. With the words “technical projects” we define the works that change the geometrical elements of the road, such as widenings and alignments, and also the high cost works, such as retaining walls construction , tunnels , backfillings, etc.
For the studied Southern section it is briefly mentioned that the total costs of conservation of existing facilities amount to 90.998,82 euros, allocated to the above categories as follows: For roadway conservation works 1.111,62 euros. For lighting conservation works 0,00 euros. For marking conservation works 77.827,20 euros. For signage conservation works 12.060,00 euros. For technical projects conservation works 0,00 euros and finally for parapets conservation works 0,00 euros.
Respectively, for upgrading works for the same roadway the total costs amount to 413.063,46 euros. The costs allocation in the works categories is as follows: For roadway upgrading works 122.891,40 euros. For electric lighting upgrading works 251.280,00 euros. For marking upgrading works 0,00 euros. For signage upgrading works 2.592,06 euros. For technical projects upgrading works 31.240,00 euros and finally for parapets upgrading works 5.060,00 euros.
The same process is also followed for the studied Northern section. The total cost of conservation of the existing facility amounts to 91.647,36 euros and is allocated to the above categories as follows: For roadway conservation works 12.506,46 euros. For electric lighting conservation works 0,00 euros. For marking conservation works 64.081,60 euros. For signage conservation works 9.999,30 euros. For technical projects conservation works 0,00 euros and finally for safety parapets conservation works 5.060,00 euros.
Respectively, the total costs of upgrading amount to 2.893.535,30 euros. And is allocated as follows: For roadway upgrading works 104.549,40 euros. For electric lighting upgrading works 8.376,00 euros. For marking upgrading works 0,00 euros. For signage upgrading works 6.797,90 euros. For technical projects upgrading works 2.747.500,00 euros and finally for safety parapets upgrading works 26.312,00 euros.
Given the above budgets some useful conclusions emerge for the management of financial resources of the road facility. Studying each section separately we find out that the conservation cost for the Southern studied section accounts for a 18,05 % of the whole budget. Respectively, the upgrading cost accounts for a 81,95 %. The conclusion that comes out is that there is an urgent need for improvement of the existing roadway facility through upgrading projects, much more than the need for conservation of the already constructed elements.
Respectively, the conservation cost for the Northern section accounts for a 3,07 % of the whole budget and therefore the upgrading cost accounts for a 96,93 % of the total cost. Here we find out that that the need for improvement projects is even greater. Especially in this section we find out a large deviation in the upgrading cost of technical projects compared to other works categories. This is due to the fact that in a big part of the roadway extensive and severe landslide events happen so that the construction of a big and expensive work is necessary to protect the passing through drivers.
Another parameter for the costing study is the traffic volume seen in the sections. From measurements carried out we found out that the traffic volume in the Southern section accounts for 354,28 vehicles per hour, while the traffic volume in the Northern section accounts for 133,49 vehicles per hour.
Taking into account the above data we find out that the total cost for each section per traffic volume amounts to 1.422,78 euros / vehicle / hour for the Southern section, and to 22.362,59 euros / vehicle / hour for the Northern section. There is an obvious large cost difference between the two sections. With application of the method for each works category individually we find out that the cost of technical projects in the Northern studied section is a big problem due to the major needs for projects to deal with landslides.
In the twelfth chapter there is a description of a study carried out by questionnaire concerning the priority of works, based on safety. This study addressed to professional and amateur drivers of all ages. They were asked to give evidence about their driving experience, their driving license class and the type of their vehicle. The study aimed to prioritize the works categories with regard to safety.
The outcome of the investigation was pooled determined by the time experience of the asked people and their license class. The investigation resulted in the following conclusions: The top priority works category is the electric lighting conservation – upgrading of. Second priority is the roadway conservation – upgrading, third the signage conservation – upgrading, fourth priority is the marking conservation - upgrading, fifth priority is the technical projects conservation - upgrading and sixth the safety parapets conservation – upgrading.
Together with the study results an attempt was made to allocate the works cost. Given that the top priority works category takes six points on costs , the second five points, the third four points, the fourth three points, the fifth two points and the sixth one point, the cost percentages per works category are the following : For electric lighting 28,57 %, for roadway 23,81 % , for signage 19,05 %, for marking 14,29 % , for technical projects 9,52 % and for safety parapets 4,76 %. Splitting the total works cost by studied section to the above percentages and comparing the rates that come out with the real needs that are budgeted, helps us to find out the deviations and come to conclusions on a better deal concerning safety and secondly economy.
The production of this dissertation aims to determine a way of thinking about the management of limited funds for the conservation and the upgrading of the existing roadway. In combination with a data basis that can be easily made out concerning works needs and traffic volumes, it can become a modern, flexible and evolving evaluation model at any time for every section of roadways considering the needs for conservation and upgrading works in them.
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ΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΣΗ ΟΔΙΚΗΣΥΠΟΔΟΜΗΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΥΒΟΙΑΣ ΣΥΜΦΩΝΗΑ ΜΕ ΤΙΣ ΠΡΟΔΙΑΓΡΑΦΕΣ ΑΣΦΑΛΕΙΑΣΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑΣ - Identifier: 84843
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