Περιβάλλον | Enviroment | Αειφορία | Sustainability | Ενέργεια | Energy | Γαλλία | France | Νομοθεσία | Legislation
34
24
Περιέχει : διαγράμματα και εικόνες
Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία ασχολείται με τις νομοθετικές και τεχνικές πτυχές της Γαλλίας όσον αφορά κατά κύριο λόγο την ενέργεια, ειδικότερα μετά από το νομοσχέδιο της ενεργειακής μετάβασης του 2015 και τις ενεργειακές εκφάνσεις που εκφράστηκαν.
Αρχικά, γίνεται λόγος για την Χάρτα Περιβάλλοντος που ισχύει στη Γαλλία. Αναλύονται τα δικαιώματα και οι υποχρεώσεις που πηγάζουν από την εφαρμογή της χάρτας και οι επιπτώσεις τόσο στο γαλλικό νομικό σύστημα όσο και στη γαλλική διοίκηση. Αναλύονται βασικές έννοιες, όπως προστασία περιβάλλοντος, δίκαιο περιβάλλοντος , αειφορία.
Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τη σημαντικότητα της πυρηνικής ενέργειας στη Γαλλία, παρουσιάζεται ενδελεχώς η επιρροή της πυρηνικής βιομηχανίας σε αυτή τη χώρα, αλλά και πως επηρεάζεται η χρήση της από το καινούριο νόμο. Γίνεται αναφορά και στην πυρηνική δράση στην Ελλάδα.
Ακολουθεί στη συνέχεια η ενέργεια που δαπανάται στα κτίρια, καθώς και οι τεχνικές νομοθεσίες που διέπουν την ενεργειακή απόδοση στη Γαλλία. Η ελληνική νομοθεσία έχει μπει ενεργά σε θέματα ενεργειακής απόδοσης κτιρίων. Ταυτόχρονα, θα δούμε και τη νομοθεσία για τις πράσινες στέγες που εισήχθη σχετικά πρόσφατα και την κατασκευή έξυπνων αειφόρων κατοικιών.
Άξιο αναφοράς είναι επίσης η περιγραφή που γίνεται στο νομικό πλαίσιο για τις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας. Θα μελετηθεί η Χάρτα του Finistère και στα δικαιώματα χωρισμένα σε γενιές. Στο τέλος της εργασίας θα παρουσιαστούν οι εκπομπές άνθρακα και ο νεοεισαχθείς φόρος στον άνθρακα..
Η πρωτοτυπία της διπλωματικής εργασίας έγκειται στη σύνδεση της τεχνικής και ενεργειακής νομοθεσίας με την αειφορία. Είναι γεγονός ότι η συμβολή της ενέργειας σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή της στη διαμόρφωση μιας φιλοσοφημένης σκέψης για την αντιμετώπιση των καταστάσεων, έχει επηρεάσει το ίδιο το πνεύμα του νόμου και παίζει καθοριστικό ρόλο στον εκσυγχρονισμό και στην ανανέωση τόσο του περιβαλλοντικού πλούτου αλλά και του πολιτιστικού δικαίου. Αυτή τη σχέση θα διερευνήσουμε.
Για την ολοκλήρωση της εργασίας ακολουθήθηκε η μεθοδολογία της έρευνας στο διαδίκτυο και στον ημερήσιο τύπο καθώς και της βιβλιογραφικής έρευνας, αλλά και της μελέτης της νομοθεσίας σε Γαλλία και Ελλάδα.
The purpose of this Master’s Thesis is to provide a useful resource for anyone who wants and asks to be informed of the French, technique and energy legislation with emphasis on the principle of sustainability. The Law of energy, renewable or not is investigated (eg nuclear energy, biomass, energy efficiency of buildings) with emphasis on the fundamental principle of sustainability and refractory dynamics.
In the modern world, environmental problems gain more gravity and global range. Factors such as climate change, ozone depletion, loss of biodiversity, depletion of natural resources, but mainly the energy crisis threat the ecological balance of the planet as a whole.
The originality of this thesis lies on the connection of the technical and energy legislation with sustainability. The fact that the contribution of energy in any form in the configuration of a philosophical thinking, has affected the spirit of the law itself, and plays a key role in the modernization and renewal of both the environmental wealth and cultural law. This relationship will be investigated.
The methodology includes a literature review of the French legal framework for the renewable and non -energy sources. It will be studied any investigation or interviews relating to the analysis of the above data with emphasis on the fundamental principle of sustainability. In order to investigate the problem, literature related to the renewable and non-energy sources in France and Greece will be studied, as well as comments and information from journals and newspapers, publications, books, authorized internet links and diplomatic work of other colleagues. Moreover, a personal interview with the mentor will be determinant in the whole investigation of the problem.
Sustainable development as a development strategy has appeared in the last decades and has prevailed as the most widely accepted model of development. The concept and philosophy of sustainable development has evolved and enriched from its debut till nowadays.
In February 2005 the French parliament entered in the Constitution the Charter of the Environment. The Charter referring on the precautionary principle, affects the law, the government policy, the judicial decisions and the French educational system. The Coppens Committee decided that the revision of the Constitution should be done to give new environmental rights and obligations. It is also considered that the reference to the Charter in the revision of the Constitution is necessary, because the Charter will be based on the concept of sustainable development. The basic concepts are aimed at sustainable development and the environment as a common heritage.
According to the Commission, the concept of sustainable development reflects to our responsibility towards future generations and is based on solidarity. We need to reconcile economic and social development with the sustainable management of natural resources and environmental protection. In this context, the Commission considered it necessary that the environment is recognized as a "common heritage of all people," an acknowledgment that causes new special responsibility, a shared environmental responsibility.
The environmental protection law contains general principles and concepts, rules that reflect the basic values and have a wide scope in order to give guidelines and promote environmental actions. In Greece with the article 24, paragraph 1 of the Constitution of 1975 enshrined constitutionally the environment protection, under the principle of sustainability. The sustainability criteria- which are 1) the quality of life, 2) the natural world, 3) the climate change and 4) the resource allocation-have to be taken into account. In 1987 the committee's report entitled "Our Common Future" is published, which has become known as the "Brundtland report", because of the prime minister of Norway, G.H.Brundtland. This report analyses the global interdependence of development and environment, and is vigorously promoted the concept of sustainable development as future environmental and development policy for the international community. Since then, sustainable development becomes the key analysis and policy pillar of the United Nations both on environmental and development issues.
Five main themes were created in the environmental sector. In the atmosphere were set targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. On earth the targets concern the control of fertilizers and pesticides use (agriculture), the control of forest and logging, the management and control of land threatened by desertification and surface control of urban settlements. Regarding water resources, goals are related to algae concentration in coastal waters, the proportion of the population living in coastal areas and in the annual catches by type of commodity. Regarding the objectives for fresh water, mainly focus on quality and quantity. Finally, the targets relating to biodiversity are relevant to ecosystems (area selected ecosystems, protected areas) and the abundance of selected species.
France finds itself on third place in the ranking of "Global Energy Performance" 2014 World Economic Forum on energy transition. The law 2015/992 gives France the means to diversify the energy mix while enhancing actions contributing to addressing climate change. Undoubtedly, it covers a large field of economic activities and brings in front energy links for transport, in housing and renewable energy.
The adoption of the new French Energy Law of 2015 has caused problems on energy issues in the country, reducing the strong nuclear industry and altering in this way the energy mix of the country. The energy transition law of France finally passed with nearly 1,000 modifications and after 150 grueling hours of parliamentary debate.
With regard to this, France refers to the possibility of constructing underwater nuclear plants in isolated islands or land areas. Already a mechanism of safe submarine nuclear power plants, «FlexBlue» has been studied. This concept for small power station (power range 50-250 MW) is contemplated by the DCNS company since 2008, in partnership with AREVA (specialized in nuclear reactors), the SEA (French Atomic Energy Agency) and EDF's (producer nuclear energy).
In Greece, the peaceful use of nuclear energy dates from the establishment of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission in 1954 with Law 2750/1954 (33/Α/26.02.1954), as it has changed and is now in force. However, there is a political commitment by the parties of the Greek parliament not to use nuclear energy program to generate electricity. So there are no nuclear power plants in Greece.
France passed the Law on energy transition to green growth in 2015(LOI n ° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015). There is now a new generation of regulations, based on which the building should not be characterized simply as a landmark, since it was a memorial identity, but also energy efficient .The law 2015/992 aims to give France the means to diversify the energy mix while enhancing actions contributing to addressing climate change. The law also sets minimum energy standards for public buildings and, if somewhere is possible, requires a surplus of energy. The minimum energy requirements that are applicable to social housing is extended by collective households in individual housing (ar.13). The energy improvements and the integration of renewable energy sources can also be empowered through local plans (no. 8). Government support for energy improvements are maintained (No.14-II and no. 22) and the installation of smart meters is authorized by law (conditions apply - according to ar.27), energy improvements of Community parts of buildings simplified, with the recognition of a simple majority voted among employees (ar.14-). Similarly, for simplified certification procedures taking into account the certification delivery of the new building built (ar.15). Individual pricing for heat and power consumption required in all buildings fitted with a collective heating and / or hot water (No. 26).
In Greece, the 2010/31 / EU on the energy performance of buildings is the main legislative instrument at EU level to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in Europe. The buildings with almost zero energy consumption are a key element of the 2010/31 / EU on the energy performance of buildings, in particular to achieve those longer-term goals.
Green roofs have an isolation effect, which helps reducing the amount of energy required to heat a building in winter and at the same time the amount of energy required to cool in the summer. They also retain rainwater, thus helping to reduce the problems with runoff, favoring in this way biodiversity and giving birds a place to put the urban jungle as environmentalists argue. The law adopted by the French Parliament despite initial ambitious consultation, limited in scope to make green roofs that cover the entire surface required in all new buildings. The Socialist government persuaded activists to limit the scope of the law on commercial buildings.
In Greece, according to NBR (New Building Regulations, N.4067 / 2012 - Government Gazette 79 / 09.04.2012), art. 2 §93) it is defined: "planted surfaces are layered structured surfaces that are natural or enriched soil and vegetation or water surfaces in combination. ".
France has developed several laws relating to the collection and management of waste oils and residues. Chapter I of Title IV of Book V of the legislative content of the French Environmental Code (Code de L'environnement, Partie législative, Livre V) is harmonized with the Framework Directive on Waste 2008/98 / EU. Additionally, several articles treat hazardous waste. The French law requires to have a waste management plan at regional or interregional level, overseeing the safe transport and handling of hazardous industrial waste including waste oil.
The French law also allows implementation of specific space management tools for wind power plants. The Prefecture of Finistère, in order to check the increasing trend to install wind farms and to prevent the unregulated facility, -which will have a negative impact on the natural environment, the landscape and the life of residents-, created "The Charter of Wind of Finistere », which is both a help mechanism in the decisions of the central government and a guide to the conception of the project to investors.
The French energy recovery law would quadruple the carbon tax in the country for fossil fuels by 2020. The debate was thorough, after more than a year of national consultation, draft legislation and parliamentary debates and French MPs finally adopted the bill for an energy transition to green growth in the July 22, 2015.
The concept of energy management is important. It is an arrangement by which we manage many energy resources. The objective of sustainable production management is to protect the quantity and quality of natural resources.
Managing a sustainable production means using renewable resources so as to allow us a constant production rate. Another method for assisted production is to create renewable resources at a rate which allows the circular culturing operating in similar production quantities. In the approach to the sustainable production exploit a natural resource with a percentage equal to the player or curing speed. The natural resource is not subjected to exploitation Uncured.
In the case of specific natural resources also means that it is necessary a minimum level of use to maintain the resource in a healthy condition.
In the thesis, we examined the development of legislation, technical and energy with immediate aims of sustainable development. The conclusion therefore is that the original working hypothesis is confirmed that the French technique and energy legislation can contribute to the modernization of technical legislation in Greek law through Europeanization.
Undoubtedly, the incorporation of the French and Greek institutional framework of a series of international and European treaties, conventions, standards, rules and recommendations governing crucial activities in the nuclear field, leads directly to the conclusion that there are many common points. Greece has taken several steps as to adapt to α legislation and to implement laws and values that will bring it closer to the sustainability and prosperity. The situation nowadays is quite difficult for such darings. Nevertheless, possibilities such as environmental education, can give society the impetus for information and action to actively participate in a decision making on issues that affect them. In any case change is needed in the conscience and morality.
Environmental education can give society the opportunity for information and action to actively participate in decision, making on issues that affect them. In any case change is needed in the conscience and morality. We can support Einstein's view that "we can not solve problems with the same thinking we used when they were born."
Items in Apothesis are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
Main Files
ΠΤΥΧΕΣ ΤΗΣ ΓΑΛΛΙΚΗΣ ΤΕΧΝΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΚΗΣ ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑΣ ΜΕ ΕΜΦΑΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΕΙΦΟΡΙΑ - Identifier: 84785
Internal display of the 84785 entity interconnections (Node labels correspond to identifiers)
