Μέθοδοι αξιολόγησης εναλλακτικών λύσεων με έμφαση στη περιβαλλοντική θεώρηση: η περίπτωση του δομημένου περιβάλλοντος

  1. MSc thesis
  2. Νάκου Αλεξάνδρα
  3. Περιβαλλοντικός Σχεδιασμός Έργων Υποδομής (ΠΣΕ)
  4. 2004 [2004]
  5. Ελληνικά | Αγγλικά
  6. Μανωλιάδης, Οδυσσέας
  7. Δομημένο περιβάλλον | Περιβαλλοντική θεώρηση
    • The scope of the dissertation is to demonstrate the assets and necessity for an Environmental Valuation (EV) method, during the selection of alternative’s proposal in an infrastructure project and to proceed in such a method in a project or a program in state or private planning. The main effort is to include the basic aspects of sustainable development in the infrastructure industry. Τhe first is written for the assessor, the individual directly responsible for designing an EIA, and with the conviction that a conceptual framework needs to be formulated before the EIA methods are applied. An outline for such a framework is presented and described in two major activities. The first is the orchestration of resources and decision-makers, into a process that integrates their talents and concerns. The second activity utilizes computer-based simulations/scenarios to synthesize and focus the work in an explicit manner. In this thesis an extent reference on the issue of sustainability is taken place. Sustainability as a concept is probably most widely known in relation to sustainable development. The United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) has defined sustainable development as “development which meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (WCED 1987). Inherent in this concept is the assumption that human development will not decline or cease but rather continue to progress, albeit at a pace which can be sustained by the ultimately finite resources of the earth. Thus, sustainability is a system state marked by stability, where changes to the system remain constrained so as to maintain the stability of the system into the foreseeable future. Indicators have evolved as a very useful tool for implementing sustainable development, evaluating progress made and illustrating concepts and parameters involved. In this thesis indicators’ characteristics, functions, advantages and pitfalls are presented. OIndicators are being used for some decades in order to provide instant information on parameters people are interested in and have been traditionally used to measure economic development. As the notion of sustainable development expanded, it became apparent that traditional indicators such as GDP failed to address issues inherent in the sustainability concept and therefore different measures had to be developed. Sustainability indicators emerged to fill this gap while after the Rio Summit in 1992 they started to become widespread. An overview of international efforts for indicators development is following presenting the theoretical framework, the advantages and disadvantages of each method. There’s an overview, in relation to indicators’ functional characteristics as well as to the needs rising up from implementation efforts, results in identifying trends and future needs in developing sustainability indicators. The migration towards a more sustainable construction industry is influenced by many drivers for change, the effects of which are hard to predict. This dissertation introduces one possible framework, which defines indicators of change and positions them properly in the wide context of sustainable construction. Its purpose is to support the causality that needs to be established between current construction practices, the momentum created by new initiatives and policies, and indicators of change. These indicators can also be used, through proper measurement and extrapolation, to forecast opportunities for improvement and priorities for change through new policies and incentives. An important monitoring instrument is the gathering of empirical data about perception and acceptance 5 rates among the broad range of stakeholders in the building industry. The methodology of AV chosen was a non–monetary, multy–parameter, process – oriented. Due to expense and time commitments necessary to bring together a group of individuals qualified to explore these issues, and the fact that exploration of these issues does not lend itself to the use of statistical, analytical techniques, the Delphi method was the most appropriate means of collecting data for this study. Delphi is a method of acquiring the opinions of a group of geographically dispersed individuals, considered experts in their occupational fields, who remain anonymous to each other throughout the data-gathering process. The matrix of values has been modulated in accordance with the indices, from which the valuation criteria arouse and the matrix of calculated impacts occurred. The tree of beneficiaries has been modulated and a DELPHI – type practice has been applied to cope with the indefinability of the impacts. The beneficiaries priorities has been calculated by applying the method of direct – ratio approach and weighed by applying the method of direct classification for ratio – escalated preferences. In this thesis surveys different aspects of sustainability of the Greek construction industry. It reiterates the main ideas expressed by the author and gives the first account of an expert survey as follow-up on this study. Both globally and in Greece, the construction industry is one of the main contributors to the depletion of natural resources and a major cause of unwanted side affects such as air and water pollution, solid waste, deforestation, toxic wastes, health hazards, global warming, and other negative consequences. And although the traditional attitude of having unlimited resources and space is still dominant in Greece, the awareness of environmental impacts is growing and many movements seeking to address sustainability concerns are gaining momentum. The research concludes with the first results of an ongoing survey of perceptions and beliefs about sustainable construction among Greek construction experts and leaders. Based on the findings, a number of measures would help in kick starting the process of entrenching sustainable construction in the Greek construction industry. These would include: Educating all segments of society about the need for sustainable construction and training construction professionals in sustainable construction concepts and methods are the most important ways of encouraging adoption of sustainable construction practices. This could create a greater demand for sustainable construction, which would spur more innovation bringing prices of construction projects down. Strategic measures to improve the sustainability record of the construction industry have to be based on a framework of quantifiable sustainability indicators. A repeated ‘census’ of these indicators will enable researchers, government and regulatory bodies to feel the pulse of the construction industry and set targets for improvements. This study is an attempt to lay the groundwork for a framework that identifies and quantifies the main indicators. A survey among practitioners is used to test the acceptance and completeness of the indicators for change. Future repetition of the survey will enable to track the evolution of perceived needs for change and actual, detected changes. Existing educational and training programs should be evaluated to ensure that they include and take advantage of the existing knowledge base. This would require collaboration between the academia, government and the private sector Substitution of imported building materials with locally produced innovative 6 materials and the use of local skill and labour intensive technology. Encouragement and full use of relaxed building by-laws, planning and building regulations. Upgrade building codes and regulations in light of environmental degradation to remove barriers impending new practices and products in the construction industry. Apply environmental impact assessment on major projects to reduce (the impact of) environmental disasters. Intensify research into suitable architectural designs and materials for use in the country and design for recyclables. Publicize the longterm cost savings of buildings that incorporated sustainable practices during execution. Assist the funding for sustainable building projects. It is hoped that the EV concept will lead to better project decision making by enabling more detailed consideration of a larger number of materials ανδ methods alternatives, evaluated in terms of their sustainability. The capacity of the system to compare materials using multiple attributes with user-specified weightings should force decision-makers to explicitly consider the effects of their previouslyimplicit weightings on the outcome of the project, and thus make choices which result in more sustainable project design and implementation. The ability to quickly simulate the sustainability outcomes of alternative designs may encourage greater industry acceptance of innovative materials technology. Concluding, it has been ascertained that the chosen methodology can be applied as an auxiliary tool in the process of uptaking decision for interventions amendments in infrastructure and can be fortify as a operational procedure of the state and non-state stakeholders.
  9. Hellenic Open University
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