In the present Bachelor's thesis we will investigate the existence of periodic solutions in nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations and we will apply the results of this investigation to nonlinear problems.
It is well known that very few ordinary differential equations have explicit solutions expressed in finite terms. This is not because we lack inventiveness, but because the "arsenal" of standard functions (polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions, etc.), through which solutions can be expressed, is too limited to cover the variety of the differential equations found in practice. Even if a solution is found, the formula is often too complicated to clearly show its main features. This is especially true of implicit solutions and solutions in the form of integrals or infinite serieses. We are looking for a tool that will get us out of the difficult position of finding a solution. A tool that will help us in the qualitative study of differential equations to examine how we can identify important features of their solutions without reaching the solution. One such geometric tool is the phase plane which is widely used to obtain properties directly from the differential equation, such as the kind of equilibrium and stability of solutions, the periodicity of solutions, the unlimited growth of solution terms.
The search for the phase plane is established in the linear systems of ordinary differential equations through which, under conditions, we are led to periodic solutions. The phase plane of nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations is defined, under certain conditions, through the corresponding linearized system in an area of an equilibrium point. But the nonlinearity field holds surprises. For example, the linearized system does not al-ways give information about the behaviour of the corresponding nonlinear system. In non-linear systems, the determination of periodic solutions, most of the time, goes beyond the simplicity of linear systems and the research for their existence is difficult.
With this work, we seek to theoretically establish the phase plane in linear systems of ordinary differential equations and to verify it through examples. We will also describe ways to identify periodic solutions in nonlinear systems and apply them to nonlinear problems through the study on the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.
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