Studying, managing and planning areas protected from light pollution. The case of planning Greece’s first national dark sky park.

Μελέτη, διαχείριση και σχεδιασμός περιοχών προστατευμένων από φωτορύπανση. Η περίπτωση σχεδιασμού του πρώτου εθνικού πάρκου σκοτεινών ουρανών στην Ελλάδα. (Αγγλική)

  1. MSc thesis
  2. Papalambrou, Andreas
  3. Σχεδιασμός Φωτισμού (ΣΦΠ)
  4. 30 Σεπτεμβρίου 2018 [2018-09-30]
  5. Αγγλικά
  6. 135
  7. Doulos, Lambros
  8. Doulos, Lambros | Zerefos, Stelios
  9. light pollution | dark sky parks | lighting | astronomy | environment
  10. 45
  11. List of figures Figure 1: Light pollution demonstrations. Figure 2: Rayleigh scattering affects bluer wavelengths and is the reason why the sky is blue. Photo by mashpedia.com Figure 3: Demonstration of skyglow in a large city. Photo taken in Patras, Greece by Andreas Papalambrou Figure 4: Skyglow domes appear in the left of this photo, at a distance of 30km from the city of Patras. Photo taken in Chalandritsa, Greece by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 5: These lanterns at the stairs cause a significant amount of glare because the light source shines directly at the field of view of the user. The incline of the stairs was not taken into account by the lighting designer. Photo taken in Patras, Greece by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 6: The medieval wall is intensely lit by floodlights. The façade of the adjacent building is constantly lit by stray light and the wall reflection. The angle of the light is such that it will trespass into the rooms when the blinds are open. Photo taken in Monemvasia, Greece by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 7: The over-illuminated road that leads to Koutouki cave. The density of the high-intensity sodium lights is striking. The photo taken in the middle of the night, well outside the operating hours of the cave. The road serves no other purpose. Photo taken in Paiania, Greece by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 8: Spectrum of typical blue-rich LED's vs high pressure sodium lamps. Image by Dialight LED solutions. Figure 9: Maps of Europe’s artificial sky brightness, as a ratio to the natural sky brightness in V-band. Figure by The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. (Falchi et al., 2016) Figure 10: Simulation of how light pollution would change from full transition to 4000K LED’s for outdoor lighting. Figure by The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. (Falchi et al., 2016) Figure 11: Some of the wildlife affected by light pollution as it appears on IDA's wildlife protection brochure. Figure 12: The Milky Way as it appears in very dark locations. This long exposure photo was taken in mount Parnonas by Andreas Papalambrou Figure 13: Griffith Observatory looks down to one of the most light-polluted cities in the world, Los Angeles. Photo taken in Los Angeles, California by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 14: Star parties and dark sky gatherings provide an amazing experience to participants who realize how much about the night sky they have never seen from the cities. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou at Prasoudi, mount Panachaiko, Greece. Figure 15: Human sensitivity (photopic and circadian) per wavelength. Photo taken from IDA website. Figure 16: Windows 10 Night light option limits the amount of blue light emitted by LED screens. Screenshot by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 17: Example of low-level but highly uniform lighting (5lx). (Narendran et al., 2016) Figure 18: Example of higher-level but non-uniform lighting (30lx). (Narendran et al., 2016) Figure 19: This poorly shielded lighting fixture consists of a wide-beam spotlight that is supposed to aim light towards a reflector which will in turn illuminate the ground. The high humidity in that particular night visualized the large amount of light that is wasted towards the sky. Photo taken in Agrinio, Greece by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 20: Cutoff luminaire specifications according to IES website Figure 21: Revised outdoor luminaire distribution measuring system from TM-15-07 Figure 22: This lighting fixture by Philips, has been designed to be full-cutoff without sacrificing traditional aesthetics. Photo taken by the Philips Domus Pendant Small (DOS) specifications sheet. Figure 23: This previously used logo of the International Dark-Sky Association summarizes its activities as an organization that aims to protect the dark-sky through proper lighting. This logo was taken from IDA’s website. Figure 24: A map of international Dark Sky Places in North America as found in darksky.org. Figure 25: A map of international Dark Sky Places in Europe as found in darksky.org. Figure 26: A map of international Dark Sky Places in Africa as found in darksky.org. Figure 27: A map of international Dark Sky Places in Ocenia as found in darksky.org. Figure 28: A map of international Dark Sky Places in East Asia as found in darksky.org. Figure 29: Natura 2000 protected areas in Greece. (“NATURA 2000 maps by the ministry of environment,” n.d.) Figure 30: The new atlas of light pollution as published in 2016. (Falchi et al., 2016) Figure 31: Light pollution map of Greece based on data from the 2016 atlas (Falchi et al., 2016) and visualization by lighpollution.info website Figure 32: The astronomical observatory of Penteli is strongly affected by the light pollution of Athens. Observatories near large cities are now largely confined to outreach rather than scientific work. Photo taken in Penteli, Greece by Andreas Papalambrou Figure 33: Amateur astronomers in the 2010 annual amateur astronomy gathering in Parnon. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 34: The pin shows the location of the astronomy observing site in Parnon while the blue border coincides with the boarders of the mount Parnon Natura 2000 protected area. Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google Earth. Figure 35: Detailed map of the protected area managed by the agency. Official photo by the agency, modified in English by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 36: Location of significant villages around the astronomical site. Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google Earth. Figure 37: A Sky Quality Meter device as provided by the manufacturer's official specs sheet on unihedron.com Figure 38: SQM-L response graph. Official instructions by the manufacturer. Figure 39: A simulation of Bortle Classes by Skyglow Project. Figure 40: Calculating pixel values which correspond to brightness using the Nebulosity software. Screenshot by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 41: Light pollution towards the North. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 42: Light pollution towards the East. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 43: Light pollution towards the South. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 44: Light pollution towards the West. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 45: The cardinal points centered on the astronomical site (wide map). Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google Earth. Figure 46: The cardinal points centered on the astronomical site (narrow map). Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google Earth. Figure 47: Konica Minolta CL-500A Illuminance Spectrophotometer used for measuring luminaire spectra. Official manufacturer photo. Figure 48: Luminaires of L1 type mounted on utility pole. Photo by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 49: Closeup of Luminaire L1 with CFL bulb and installed at a high angle. Photo by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 50: L2 cobra head luminaire with no diffuse plastic cover. Photo by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 51: L4 luminaries (street lanterns). Photo by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 52: L5 Sodium street light. Photo by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 53: L6 Halogen floodlights. Photo by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 54: Luminaire L7 - metal halide floodlights. Photo by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 55: L8 LED floodlights. Photo by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 56: Lighting inventory map in Agios Petros. Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google maps. Figure 57: Lighting inventory map in Karyes. Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google maps. Figure 58: Lighting inventory map in Varvitsa. Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google maps. Figure 59: Lighting inventory map in Vamvakou. Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google maps. Figure 60: Lighting inventory map in Kastanitsa. Map by Andreas Papalambrou using Google maps. Figure 61: 2700K LED bulb spectrum. Graphs based on measurements by Lambros Doulos and Andreas Papalambrou visualized using CS-S10w data management software. Figure 62: 5500K CFL bulb spectrum. Graphs based on measurements by Lambros Doulos and Andreas Papalambrou visualized using CS-S10w data management software. Figure 63: 4000K LED bulb spectrum. Graphs based on measurements by Lambros Doulos and Andreas Papalambrou visualized using CS-S10w data management software. Figure 64: The Caryatid monument in Karyes. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 65: High intensity floodlights excessively illuminate the Caryatid monument. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Parnon. Figure 66: Spectrum of the floodlights at the caryatid monument. Graphs based on measurements by Lambros Doulos and Andreas Papalambrou visualized using CS-S10w data management software. Figure 67: Sodium street lighting at the entrance of Tripoli. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Tripoli. Figure 68: Main street lighting in Tripoli uses old mercury lamps. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Tripoli. Figure 69: A more modern by still energy consuming sodium street light as we approach the center. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Tripoli. Figure 70: floodlights with reflectors provide increased light pollution. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Tripoli. Figure 71: Former mercury lamps turned into CFL with plastic covers missing. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Tripoli. Figure 72: Central square in Tripoli is illuminated by sodium luminaires in groups of 4. Photo taken by Andreas Papalambrou in Tripoli. Figure 73: The Natura 2000 protected area (black outline) overlaid over a detailed light pollution map of Parnon area. Map by Andreas Papalambrou. Figure 74: Natura 2000 border map in detail with astronomy site noted by the red dot. Map by the protected area management agency. Figure 75: Proposed area to be included in the initial dark sky park procedure. Map by the protected area management agency with edits from Andreas Papalambrou. List of tables Table 1: Obtrusive light limits as found in standard EN 12464-2 (EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12464-2 Lighting of work places - Part 2: Outdoor work places, 2007) Table 2: International Dark Sky places by type. List compiled based on data found on darksky.org Table 3: Approximate corresponding values of three sky brightness measurement methods as compiled by Andreas Papalambrou. Table 4: Camera settings for measurement of light pollution. They apply to all photos. Table 5: Summary of photographic brightness measurements per direction in pixel values (ADU’s) for each cardinal point as indicated by the embedded image in the center. Table 6: Konica Minolta CL-500A Illuminance Spectrophotometer Specifications (official manufacturer information) Table 7: Designations and map symbols for most common outdoor light fixtures in the area Table 8: Lighting inventory summary in Agios Petros Table 9: Outdoor lighting statistics of Agios Petros Table 10: Lighting inventory summary in Karyes Table 11: Outdoor lighting statistics of Karyes Table 12: Lighting inventory summary in Varvitsa Table 13: Outdoor lighting statistics of Varvitsa Table 14: Lighting inventory summary in Vamvakou Table 15: Outdoor lighting statistics of Vamvakou Table 16: Lighting inventory summary in Kastanitsa Table 17: Outdoor lighting statistics of Kastanitsa Table 18: Total lighting inventory survey of the area Table 19: Outdoor lighting statistics of the whole area (five villages) Table 20: Luminosity-related measurements for the dish-type luminaire Table 21: Caryatid monument measurements Table 22: Wattage comparison in Karyes
    • Η φωτορύπανση είναι ένα είδος ρύπανσης που κλιμακώνεται στις πόλεις αλλά συναντάται όλο και περισσότερο μακριά από αυτές εξαιτίας της αύξησης του τεχνητού φωτισμού αλλά και του λανθασμένου σχεδιασμού φωτισμού. Οι λανθασμένες πρακτικές φωτισμού περιλαμβάνουν λάθος επιλογή φωτιστικών σωμάτων, λάθος στόχευση ή τοποθέτηση, υπερβολικά επίπεδα φωτισμού και ανεπιθύμητα φασματικά χαρακτηριστικά του εκπεμπόμενου φωτός. Με αυξανόμενη συχνότητα, η φωτορύπανση επηρεάζει και την ύπαιθρο τόσο λόγω τοπικού φωτισμού όσο και μακρινής διάδοσης φωτός από τις αστικές περιοχές. Το γεγονός αυτό έχει σημαντικές επιπτώσεις στα οικοσυστήματα και στους τόπους αστρονομικής παρατήρησης, γεγονός που είναι σχετικά άγνωστο στους περισσότερους πολίτες. Προκειμένου να προστατευθούν τόποι σημαντικών οικοσυστημάτων, φυσικής ομορφιάς ή αστρονομικού ενδιαφέροντος είναι σημαντικό να συμπεριληφθεί η φωτορύπανση στις προτεραιότητες των εθνικών πάρκων, των περιοχών προστατευόμενων οικοσυστημάτων και αστρονομικού ενδιαφέροντος καθώς και στις προτεραιότητας νομοθεσίας και κανονισμών. Το ενδεχόμενο αυτό θα έχει σημαντικά οικονομικά οφέλη λόγω της μείωσης της σπατάλης ενέργειας που συνεπάγεται η φωτορύπανση καθώς και θα συμβάλει στην αναστροφή των συνεπειών στην ανθρώπινη υγεία που έχουν ανακαλυφθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια. Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματική εργασία αναλύει τα σημαντικότερα δεδομένα για τη φωτορύπανση (αίτια, συνέπειες και λύσεις), και μελετά τις μεθόδους, τις παραμέτρους και τις ειδικές απαιτήσεις για το σχεδιασμό προστατευόμενων περιοχών από τη φωτορύπανση. Αυτή η μεθοδολογία σχεδιασμού πάρκων σκοτεινών ουρανών υλοποιείται ως μελέτη περίπτωσης στο όρος του Πάρνωνα που επιλέχθηκε λόγω της σημασίας του ως προστατευόμενη περιοχή Natura 2000 καθώς και ως ένας από τους σημαντικότερους τόπους αστρονομικής παρατήρησης στην Ελλάδα. Το όρος Πάρνων βρίσκεται κοντά σε δύο μεγάλες πόλεις και σημαντικούς αυτοκινητοδρόμους ωστόσο οι ουρανοί του παραμένουν σκοτεινοί λόγω του ότι είναι αραιοκατοικημένος. Ο σχεδιασμός ενός πάρκου σκοτεινών ουρανών περιλαμβάνει πλήρη μελέτη των υπαρχόντων δεδομένων του τόπου (εγκαταστάσεις φωτισμού, μετρήσεις τεχνητού φωτισμού και φωτεινότητας ουρανού) καθώς και πρόταση για ένα σχέδιο πάρκου που θα ταιριάζει στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση.
    • Light pollution is a type of pollution that climaxes in the cities, but occurs increasingly away from them, due to the increase of artificial lighting but also due to bad lighting design. Lighting malpractices may involve wrong selection of luminaires, wrong aiming or placement, excessive illumination levels but also unwanted spectral characteristics of the emitted light. Increasingly, light pollution also affects the countryside due to local lighting but also distant lighting propagating from urban areas. This has significant impact to ecosystems and astronomical observing sites which is a relatively unknown fact to most people. In order to protect sites of significant ecosystems, natural beauty or astronomical interest, it is important that light pollution reduction is included in the top priorities of national parks, protected ecosystem areas and astronomical observatories as well as public policy and ordinances. This will also present considerable economical gains due to the decrease of energy waste that light pollution brings as well as reversing the impact on human health that has been revealed in the recent years. This dissertation analyses the main facts about light pollution (causes, impact and solutions) and studies the methods, parameters and special requirements for the planning of light pollution protected areas. This dark-sky park planning methodology is implemented as a case study in mount Parnon which has been selected due to its significance as a Natura 2000 protected area as well as being Greece’s most popular astronomical observing site. Mount Parnon is located close to two major cities as well as significant highways, however the site itself remains dark due to sparse population. Planning a Dark Sky Park involves a complete study of facts regarding the specific site (existing lighting installations, lighting and sky measurements etc.) as well as a proposal for a dark-sky park scheme suited to the specific case of the site.
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